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1958: first elementary but complete programme for playing chess against a computer, by Doctor A. L. Samuel (International Business Machines). John Mc Carthy (Stanford University), presented the Lisp programming language and the Mc Carthy Test for measuring Artificial Intelligence (playing games, following conversation, receiving information or performing other activities through a terminal). 1953: Speed Coding, by Seldon and John Backus (International Business Machines), second scientific programming language. Integrated circuits only became a possibility when Jean Hoerni invented the flat transistor in December 1958. 1952: IBM 700, by International Business Machines, built of vacuum tubes. 1954: IBM 650, by International Business Machines. Less than 50 computers in operation existed in the world before the IBM 650, but over 1 000 computers of this model were sold. When a QuickBasic 4.0 programme was run in an IBM PC equipped with a mathematic co-processor, floating point mathematics was performed very quickly indeed. This kind of computers are called "of second generation", which predominated from the 1950's to the 1960's. 1951: the contact point transresistor of Bardeen and Brattain is modified by William Shockley (Bell Telephone) and named junction transistor, made of germanium. 1955: Tradic, first computer entirely built of transistors, by Bell Telephone.

1947-1951: UNIVAC I, Universal Automatic Computer I, by Presper Eckert with John Mauchly (Sperry Rand), in collaboration with John Von Neumann, marketed by the Univac Division of Remington Rand. 1951: A-0 Coding Translator, by Captain Grace Hopper (United States Navy and Univac), first compiler of routines (repetitive tasks done many times by the computer in the same or in different programmes). 1944-1950: Whirlwind, digital computer by Jay Forrester (Massachussetts Institute of Technology), first computer operable in real time. 1953: magnetic memory, by Jay Forrester (Massachussetts Institute of Technology). 1960-1962: Space War, action game by Stephen Slug Russell, with Wayne Witanen and Martin Graetz, based on the Minskytron action game of Marvin Minsky, both programmes were created in the PDP-1 minicomputer of the Massachussetts Institute of Technology. Pool is a type of billiards game that is played with pockets. Pockets: Carom billiards tables do not have pockets at all, as the game does not involve potting balls but rather focuses on hitting object balls in a specific manner. The traditional mahogany billiards table is still in use, but tables are now generally made of other woods and synthetic materials.

Pool involves a table with six pockets. The objective of Billiards is pretty simple - sink all of your balls in any of the six pockets before the opponent sinks theirs first. In this computer was programmed the first action game (not counting computerised board games like draughts or chess): Mouse in the Labyrinth, by a teacher of the institution. 1950: Pilot ACE, Automatic Computing Engine, electronic digital computer by Alan Mathison Turing with Max Newman and others, using numbering base of two and programmable by a kind of assembly language. 1960: first joy stick for playing action games, built in a wooden box by two students of the Massachussetts Institute of Technology. Other experts presented programmes for playing chess or for proving mathematical theorems. 1956: at Darmouth College, ten experts in diverse disciplines meet to create the basis for what they call Artificial Intelligence (to distinguish it from Robotics, Automatics and Cybernetics).

1978: Unics operating system becomes open source, and the basis of many future operating systems. It was intended as a lingua franca of programming, applied also to scientific or commercial purposes and to computing systems. It makes possible the insertion of elements to form an integrated circuit, as it had been proposed by G. W. A. Dummer in 1952. Integrated circuits gradually substituted printed circuits as main computer processors, although printed circuits remained in use for simpler purposes. 1952: proposal of an integrated circuit, by G. W. A. Dummer. 1960: Mac Project, first computer network. The Ethernet network system was in 1973 under development by Bob Metcalfe at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre, but the proliferation of local area networks or of microcomputers was not yet foreseen in late 1973, therefore the original model of Internet was based on the concept of a few national networks such as Arpanet, Packet Radio or Packet Satellite. This was a limitation reconsidered at the end of the 1970's, when microcomputers and local area networks began appearing in huge numbers. After three years trying to convince Intel, Mister Kildall formed his own company, Intergalactic Digital Research, which marketed CP/M in 1976 with the name of Control Programme for Microcomputers or Control Programme Monitor.

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